In The Book Hegemony Or Survival Noam Chomsky Talks About

In the book hegemony or survival Noam Chomsky talks about the idea of human existence and having the intelligence to not ruin our self in his first chapter. He identifies two powers in the current world, â€Å"the united states and world public opinion† (Pg. 4). He shows us that every one of the American presidents has their own type of disappointing foreign policy no matter how liberal that president might be. Chomsky says in the end when hope is destroyed, democracy is allowed (Pg. 10). In the second chapter he quotes the national security strategy talking about America’s main goal. Therefore enforcing hegemony is Americas next step Chomsky then says America should be flexible when detaining. The government only meets with elite ideas they no†¦show more content†¦Also he mentions the Asian invasion of economic growth. â€Å"A tripolar world to appear, even though the U.S. would depose the idea that would contain the United States, china, and India† (Pg . 155). The united states and the middle east relationships that moves towards the issue of weapons of mass destruction and a relationship that the us had with Israel. He takes a turn for someone conservative and tries to take a more neutral approach. He shows the readers the reasons and definition behind terrorism. The final chapter of Chomsky’s book is about nuclear warfare. He discusses the United States strategic command, which has been used since the beginning of time. It is used to threaten anyone and everyone. Towards the end of the chapter Chomsky cones of the with the idea or question whether this hegemonic country s endangering the human race. He hopes the world will return to peace without the need for nuclear war. I have different views with Chomsky after reading this book. To see the world in a state of condition similar to how the book does. Humans are filled with faults. I disagree with liberal Chomsky in the regard to being extreme on ideology as the more pro per thing to do. The dimensions of state and society can relate back to the main idea, â€Å"Imperial Grand Strategy†. This was to maintain the superpower status that the United States has at least had since the Second World War. Marx hadShow MoreRelatedHegemony or Survival1729 Words   |  7 Pagespoliticians about far away places and the people that live there, its only a guess as to the motives behind each of these decisions. In Noam Chomskys book Hegemony or Survival: Americas Quest for Global Dominance, Noam gives a scrupulously researched critique of Americas quest for dominance at any cost that not only has cast us in the role of a rogue superpower but also jeopardizes the very survival of humanity. From reading this book, I will give an account as to what Chomsky says about AmericanRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of American Hegemony4258 Words   |  18 PagesThe rise and fall of US hegemony A Review of Some Related Literature Table of contents ABSTRACT 1 MAIN PAPER I. INTRODUCTION 2 II. EMPIRICAL LITERATURE REVIEW 3 III. DISCUSSION 7 IV. CONCLUSION 11 REFERENCES â€Æ' ABSTRACT Scholars like Johan Galtung, Robert Gilpin and Noam Chomsky greatly influenced the background ideas of this paper. Most of the cases the author argues come and are mostly based from the books of the said scholars. Galtung discusses

The Constitutional Convention And Ratification Debate

The last half of the 18th century was monumental for the United States. It is in this era that the nation was founded following the Declaration of Independence and drafting and ratification of the Constitution a decade later. The 1787 constitutional convention and ratification debate was pivotal in the making of the US Constitution. The dynamics, antagonism, considerations, process and the eventual consensus regarding the Constitution can be explained by discrete theories in political discourses. However, there are theories that fit best within this historical context and help better explain the process of constitutional convention and ratification. This paper will talk about pluralist theory as a theoretical perspective that best explains the workings of the 1787 constitutional convention and ratification debate, as opposed to power elite theory. This will be achieved by looking at the premises of pluralist theoretical perspective, and the workings of the 1787 constitutional convent ion and ratification and then show how pluralist theory best captures the workings. Pluralist Theory Pluralist theory views politics and decision making as a competitive phenomenon where different groups and individuals have different views and that there is no single elite group that exercises influence (Davis Go, 2009). The theory holds that power is relatively broadly distributed among different interest groups. These groups hold different views of the same aspect and compete with eachShow MoreRelatedThe Constitutional Convention And Ratification Debate1409 Words   |  6 Pagesdrafting and ratification of the Constitution a decade later. The 1787 constitutional convention and ratification debate was very important in the making of the US Constitution. The dynamics, antagonism, considerations, process and the eventual consensus regarding the Constitution can be explained by discrete theories in political discourses. However, there are theories that fit best within this historical context and help better explain the process of the constitutional convention and r atification. ThisRead MoreThe Constitutional Convention Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pagesdecided that a convention should be convened to revise the Article of Confederation (Constitutional Rights Foundation, 2009). Congress felt the Article of Confederation was not enough to effectively deal with the young nations issues. Congress knew it was time for the country to move forward, and to do that, there would be some big changes ahead, and that was the end of the Articles of Confederation, and the beginning of the created US Constitution. Reasons for the Constitutional Convention After theRead MoreThe Constitution Convention And The Ratification Debate Essay1196 Words   |  5 PagesConstitution Convention and the ratification debate The constitutional conventions importance is indisputable, it is one of the biggest turning points in history and it is also an event that continues to affect politics to this day. It can’t be ignored, the constitutional convention has such a big historical significance and such a direct impact on America. People have tried to examine the workings behind the constitutional convention and the ratification debate. Many people debate whether the constitutionalRead MoreThe On The Workings Of The Constitution Convention Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pages355 Professor Alan Buckley 9/25/2013 The Idea of Pluralism in the Workings of the Constitution Convention â€Å"The fundamental importance of the 1787 Constitutional Convention is indisputable, not only as a turning point in the history of the United States, but also as an event that continues to affect contemporary politics† (Pope and Shawn 1). Indeed, the historical significance of the Constitution Convention and its direct impact on American contemporary politics cannot be ignored. For over two-hundredRead MoreThe Constitutional Convention of 1787 Essay817 Words   |  4 PagesThe Constitutional Convention of 1787 was held to address problems in governing the United States which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation since it’s independence from Britain. Fifty-five delegates from the states attended the convention to address these issues. The delegates consisted of federalists who wanted a strong central government to maintain order and were mainly wealthier merchants and plantation owners and anti-federalists who were farmers, tradesmen and local poli ticiansRead MoreConfederation and Constitution1594 Words   |  7 Pagesweaknesses that were changed in the Constitution. There were many compromises made between the states in order to effectively draft the Constitution. Roger Sherman’s Plan kept the Constitutional Convention together which was later known as the Great Compromise. The fight for the Constitution had just begun and the ratification processes needed to take place. Even with some states being in favor of the Constitution it would take time to get the nine states needed to complete this process. The statesRead MoreEssay about U.S. Constitution Ratification Debates789 Words   |  4 PagesConstitution Ratification Debates On September 28, 1787, after three days of bitter debate, the Confederation Congress sent the Constitution to the states with neither an endorsement nor a condemnation. This action, a compromise engineered by Federalist members, disposed of the argument that the convention had exceeded its mandate; in the tacit opinion of Congress, the Constitution was validly before the people. The state legislatures decisions to hold ratifying conventions confirmedRead MoreWhy Did The Federalist Papers Influence The Ratification Of The Constitution?2354 Words   |  10 Pagesand Evaluation of Sources This investigation will explore the question: To what extent did The Federalist Papers influence the ratification of the Constitution? The publications, arguments, and effects of this document will be the focus of the investigation to allow for an analysis of where and in what ways The Federalist was influential during the constitutional conventions from 1787 to 1789. The first source that will be evaluated in depth is Ron Chernow’s book â€Å"Alexander Hamilton† which was publishedRead MoreThe Debate Over The Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution Of 17871461 Words   |  6 PagesThe debate over the effectiveness of the Articles of Confederation has been a long lasting one. In order to create a document that would adequately protect the American people and their interests’ the Founding Fathers embarked on a journey to create a document that would address all of the discrepancies found within the Articles of Confederation Therefore, the purpose of this paper is threefold. First, to compare and contrast the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution of 1787. Second, toRead MoreDebate over the Strength of Central Government1056 Words   |  5 PagesDebate Over the Strength of Central Government The period of 1783-1800 was shaped by the debate between those who supported a strong central government and those who wanted more power given to the states. This period dealt with issues surrounding the formations of factions that threatened to split the young nation, the inclusion of a Bill of Rights, and the constitutionality of a national bank. Factions divided the people into those who supported a strong central government and those The Constitutional Convention And Ratification Debate The last half of the 18th century was very important for the United States. During this era, the nation was founded following the Declaration of Independence and drafting and ratification of the Constitution a decade later. The 1787 constitutional convention and ratification debate was very important in the making of the US Constitution. The dynamics, antagonism, considerations, process and the eventual consensus regarding the Constitution can be explained by discrete theories in political discourses. However, there are theories that fit best within this historical context and help better explain the process of the constitutional convention and ratification. This paper will talk about pluralist theory as a theoretical perspective that best explains the workings of the 1787 constitutional convention and ratification debate, as opposed to power elite theory. This will be achieved by looking at the premises of pluralist theoretical perspective, and the workings of the 1787 constitutiona l convention and ratification and then show how pluralist theory best captures the workings. Pluralist theory views politics and decision making as a competitive phenomenon where different groups and individuals have different views and that there is no single elite group that exercises influence (Davis Go, 2009). The theory holds that power is relatively broadly distributed among different interest groups. These groups hold different views of the same aspect and compete with each other forShow MoreRelatedThe Constitutional Convention And Ratification Debate1586 Words   |  7 Pagesdrafting and ratification of the Constitution a decade later. The 1787 constitutional convention and ratification debate was pivotal in the making of the US Constitution. The dynamics, antagonism, considerations, process and the eventual consensus regarding the Constitution can be explained by discrete theories in political discourses. However, there are theories that fit best within this historical co ntext and help better explain the process of constitutional convention and ratification. This paperRead MoreThe Constitutional Convention Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pagesdecided that a convention should be convened to revise the Article of Confederation (Constitutional Rights Foundation, 2009). Congress felt the Article of Confederation was not enough to effectively deal with the young nations issues. Congress knew it was time for the country to move forward, and to do that, there would be some big changes ahead, and that was the end of the Articles of Confederation, and the beginning of the created US Constitution. Reasons for the Constitutional Convention After theRead MoreThe Constitution Convention And The Ratification Debate Essay1196 Words   |  5 PagesConstitution Convention and the ratification debate The constitutional conventions importance is indisputable, it is one of the biggest turning points in history and it is also an event that continues to affect politics to this day. It can’t be ignored, the constitutional convention has such a big historical significance and such a direct impact on America. People have tried to examine the workings behind the constitutional convention and the ratification debate. Many people debate whether the constitutionalRead MoreThe On The Workings Of The Constitution Convention Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pages355 Professor Alan Buckley 9/25/2013 The Idea of Pluralism in the Workings of the Constitution Convention â€Å"The fundamental importance of the 1787 Constitutional Convention is indisputable, not only as a turning point in the history of the United States, but also as an event that continues to affect contemporary politics† (Pope and Shawn 1). Indeed, the historical significance of the Constitution Convention and its direct impact on American contemporary politics cannot be ignored. For over two-hundredRead MoreThe Constitutional Convention of 1787 Essay817 Words   |  4 PagesThe Constitutional Convention of 1787 was held to address problems in governing the United States which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation since it’s independence from Britain. Fifty-five delegates from the states attended the convention to address these issues. The delegates consisted of federalists who wanted a strong central government to maintain order and were mainly wealthier merchants and plantation owners and anti-federalists who were farmers, tradesmen and local poli ticiansRead MoreConfederation and Constitution1594 Words   |  7 Pagesweaknesses that were changed in the Constitution. There were many compromises made between the states in order to effectively draft the Constitution. Roger Sherman’s Plan kept the Constitutional Convention together which was later known as the Great Compromise. The fight for the Constitution had just begun and the ratification processes needed to take place. Even with some states being in favor of the Constitution it would take time to get the nine states needed to complete this process. The statesRead MoreEssay about U.S. Constitution Ratification Debates789 Words   |  4 PagesConstitution Ratification Debates On September 28, 1787, after three days of bitter debate, the Confederation Congress sent the Constitution to the states with neither an endorsement nor a condemnation. This action, a compromise engineered by Federalist members, disposed of the argument that the convention had exceeded its mandate; in the tacit opinion of Congress, the Constitution was validly before the people. The state legislatures decisions to hold ratifying conventions confirmedRead MoreWhy Did The Federalist Papers Influence The Ratification Of The Constitution?2354 Words   |  10 Pagesand Evaluation of Sources This investigation will explore the question: To what extent did The Federalist Papers influence the ratification of the Constitution? The publications, arguments, and effects of this document will be the focus of the investigation to allow for an analysis of where and in what ways The Federalist was influential during the constitutional conventions from 1787 to 1789. The first source that will be evaluated in depth is Ron Chernow’s book â€Å"Alexander Hamilton† which was publishedRead MoreThe Debate Over The Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution Of 17871461 Words   |  6 PagesThe debate over the effectiveness of the Articles of Confederation has been a long lasting one. In order to create a document that would adequately protect the American people and their interests’ the Founding Fathers embarked on a journey to create a document that would address all of the discrepancies found within the Articles of Confederation Therefore, the purpose of this paper is threefold. First, to compare and contrast the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution of 1787. Second, toRead MoreDebate over the Strength of Central Government1056 Words   |  5 PagesDebate Over the Strength of Central Government The period of 1783-1800 was shaped by the debate between those who supported a strong central government and those who wanted more power given to the states. This period dealt with issues surrounding the formations of factions that threatened to split the young nation, the inclusion of a Bill of Rights, and the constitutionality of a national bank. Factions divided the people into those who supported a strong central government and those

Financial Ratio Analysis of British Airways Free Essays

INTRODUCTION British Airways is the largest international airline in the world. It is based at the busiest international airport of the world named Heathrow Airport with holding 42% of land slots. It has a global flight network through partners such as American Airways in US and Qantas in Australia. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Ratio Analysis of British Airways or any similar topic only for you Order Now It serves about 150 destinations in some 75 countries. British Airways is, through its subsidiary British Airways World Cargo the words twelfth largest cargo airline. British Airways world cargo has global fright opportunities through the British Airways flight routes. Due to recession, British Airways faced loss in the year 2008-09. So the company took the decision to get merged with Lberia. As a result it reported half yearly profit of 158m, first in last two years. In 2010 it revealed the double whammy of volcanic ash cloud from Iceland and cabin crew strikes. British airways reported a pre-tax loss of 164m, larger than 148m loss it made in the same period last year. But they performed really better at the end of the current year and gained profits. ND British Airways’ earliest predecessor was an Aircraft Travel Pvt. Ltd. It was found in 1916. On August 25, 1919 the company inaugurated the world’s first scheduled international airways service. In November 1936 British Overseas Airways Corporation was found. The long term service was started by British European Airways in 1946. After the integration of British Overseas Airways Corporation and British European Airways, British Airways was found in March 1974. Company was officially incorporated in the year 1984. Company’s operational headquarter is situated at Heathrow airbase. Company serves to more than 150 top destinations of the world and carries about 32 million passengers on average annually. British Airways faced many ups and downs during its journey. Company faced losses due to the strike of its crew members. The strike continued for 22 days and led company to the estimated loss of ?150m. After earning good profits in the previous years, it faced huge col lapse during mid of 2008 and it continued for around two years. In 2010 company announced to merge with Lberia. And finally on April 8, 2010 the combination was established. After this combination, now at the end of this year it is estimated that company will have profits. Combination of British Airways and Lberia will lead company to great profits. Performance is improving day by day. Performance of last six months is far better than previous time period. Financial Analysis Current Ratio: ?m Years2009-20102008-20092007-2008 Current Assets267423463148 Current Liabilities374041423244 Proportion0.710.570.97 Interpretation: This Ratio is to calculate that which assets we can turn in to cash. In current liabilities we count long term borrowings, Bills payable etc. The ratio in year 2008 was 0.97which came down in year 2009 to 0.57 and in 2010 it was felt down to 0.71. This shows the current assts are recovered in 2010 after fell down in 2009. Quick Ratio: ?m Years2009-20102008-20092007-2008 Liquid Assets257622193036 Current Liabilities374041423244 Proportion0.690.540.94 Interpretation: This ratio is to calculate the liquid assets of the company. In year 2008 ratio was 0.94 which reduced to 0.54 in year 2009 but once again in year 2010 it came back to 0.69. The reason behind that current liabilities effects ratio indirectly. Stock Turnover: ?m Years2009-20102008-20092007-2008 Sale799489928758 Stock98127112 Proportion82days71days79days Interpretation: The average number of Days Company hold the stock called stock days. In year 2008 the stock turnover was 79 days it slight came down in year 2009 to 71 days but in year 2010 it again went up to 82 days. Company should circulate their stock and generate cash in small days for better growth. Debtors Collection Period: ?m Years2009-20102008-20092007-2008 Debtors*365182135193450213890 Sales799489928758 Proportion23days22days25days Interpretation: Sale or investment in fixed assets is good but company should check their debtors. This ratio helps to calculate that average in what time company receive money from debtors. British Airways debtor’s collection period in 2008 was 25days which came down in year 2009 to 22days and in2010 to 23days respectively. It is good sign for company is able to collect money in short period. Creditors Collection Period: ?m Years2009-20102008-20092007-2008 Creditors*365227395243090236520 Cost of Sales799489928758 Proportion29days28days28days Interpretation: This ratio is almost same like debtor’s collection period ratio the only difference is that this ratio is to calculate in what time company pay to their creditors. In 2008ratio was 28days which remained same in year 2009 it slight up in year 2010 to 29days. It shows that company’s reputation is very good for payment. % of Wages: ?m Years2009-20102008-20092007-2008 Wages*100134600146600143300 Sales799489928758 Proportion0.17%0.17%0.17% Interpretation: This ratio helps to calculate averagely how much company spend to sale the goods or provide the service. In year 2008 this ratio was 0.17% which remains also same in next two years. It means company’s good management is able to control the wages. Gearing Ratio: ?m Years2009-20102008-20092007-2008 Short term lib. overdrafts+ Long Term Lib. *100509700504900518400 Shareholder funds191316443033 Proportion267307171 Interpretation: In gearing Ratio Company finance it from high level loans. In year 2008 this ratio was 171 but in year 2008 it rapidly up to 307in year 2009 but in year 2010 it again come down to 267. It means company did well after 2008 to maintain their gearing ratio. Fixed Assets Turnover: ?m Years2009-20102008-20092007-2008 Sales799489928753 Fixed Assets752078027890 Proportion1.061.151.11 Interpretation: This ratio shows the increase and decrease in utilization of company’s fixed assets. In year this ratio was 1.11 which slight increase in year 2009to 1.15 but just come down in year 2010 to 1.06. Fixed assets somehow depend on the sale of the company. Total Assets Turnover: ?m Years2009-20102008-20092007-2008 Sales799489928753 Total Assets101941014811038 Proportion0.790.890.80 Interpretation: This ratio helps to measure that what is the ratio of company’s total assets turnover. Company’s total assets turnover was 0.80 which was just more in year 0.89 and in year it just down in year to 0.79. Return on Capital Employed: ?m Years2009-20102008-20092007-2008 P.B.I.T or (L.I.B.T)*100(53100)(40100)88300 Long Term Liabilities+ Share Capital647260067794 Proportion-(8.23)-(6.68)11.33 Interpretation: R.O.C.E ratio is the perfect way to calculate the profitability of the company. R.O.C.E of British Airways was 11.33 in year 2008 which became negative in next two years 2009 and 2010 to -6.68 and -8.23. It clearly reflects that company’s revenue goes up but its profit falls down. It means that company went in loss in last two years. Gross Profit %: ?m Years2009-20102008-20092007-2008 Gross Profit*100%(23100)(22000)87500 Sales799489928753 Proportion(0.03)%(0.03)%0.10% Interpretation: G.P ratio is the share of the company compare to its sales. Gross profit is the margin on sales before deduct tax. In year 2008 company’s profit was 0.10% but in next two years company faces loss ratio 0.03% equally. It means that company definitely not being successful to improve their revenue to make the profit. Net Profit %: ?m Years2009-20102008-20092007-2008 Net Profit/(Loss)*100%(42500)(35800)69600 Sales799489928753 Proportion(2.45)%(4.46)%10.09% Interpretation: Net profit is the remained profit after deduct tax. This amount is the net amount of the company. British Airways conclude 10% net profit in year 2008 but in next two years 2009 and 2010 it shows the loss 5% and 10%. It shows overall strength of the organization. These ratios prove that company faces losses from last two years. Marginal Ratio: ?m Years2009-20102008-20092007-2008 Net Profit/(Loss)(425)(375)680 Sales799489928753 Proportion(0.06)(0.05)0.08 Interpretation: Marginal ratio is to calculate the margin of company on net profit. This ratio is very flexible ratio. The marginal ratio of the company in year2008 was 0.08 but in next two years it goes in to negative (0.05) and (0.06). Because company face losses in these two years so it effect marginal ratio of company. Solving Ratio: ?m Years2009-20102008-20092007-2008 Shareholder funds *100191300164600303300 Total Assets101941014811038 Proportion18.7716.2227.48 Interpretation: This ratio clearly shows that the solving ratio percentage is down from last 2008 year continuously. In year 2008 the ratio was 27.48 which were good but after that in 2009 it came down to only16.22 but it starts recovering from last year. It is now good sign for company. Assets Cover: ?m Years2009-20102008-20092007-2008 Total Assets101941014811038 Long Term Debt344630742751 Proportion2.963.304.01 Interpretation: Assets cover ratio of the company is coming down from last three years. In 2008 it was 4.01 but in year 2009 it reduced to 3.30 in year 2010 it again fell down to 2.96. This is really not a good sign for the company. Index is enlightening that company’s assets are sharing high proportion of debts which indicates that shareholders are losing faith in company’s performance. Operating Ratio:?m Years2009-20102008-20092007-2008 Operating Expenses822592127880 Net Sales799489928758 Proportion1.031.020.90 Interpretation: This ratio shows the overall efficiency of organization. It is an important ratio for any company. In 2008 company ratio was 0.90 which climb up to 1.02 and 1.03 in years 2009 and 2010. It is a good sign for company. It means company will took up their profit in future. IMPACT OF EVENTS: British Airways faced biggest loss of its history ?401 million in year 2008-09. The reason behind that were 15days cabin crew strike and ash cloud due to volcano explosion in Iceland. But April 2010 bring some relief for British Airways when they successfully merge with Lberia the Spanish airways company. After this merger company come back on track company report ?158 million profit in first six months after merger. There was an unexpected raise of 8.4% in revenue. After two years continues loss company first time come up with profit. British Airways expecting good result and definite increase in their profit. RECOMANDATION: British Airways is very well known company. It is true that company faces losses continuously from last two years, But Company handle the situation very effectively. The company merge with Spanish airways company Lberia. After this merge company is come back on track company had made ?158m in first six months. So it is advisable that still company is trustable. After all these still British Airways has bright future. CONCLUSION: After analyse ratios it conclude that British Airways pass through lots of up and downs. Company faces losses from last two years continuously. Still company is able to run their business effectively. In year 2008 company revenue was 8753 which slight up in 2009 to 8992 but in 2010 it was again fall to 7992. There is no doubt that company’s revenue come up in 2009 but if we see company’s gross profits and net profits ratios, company is in loss from last two years continuously. In year 2009 company G.P ratio was (2.45) and in 2010 was (2.89).Same in net profit/(loss) ratio in 2009 was (4.46) and in year 2010 was (6.64). In R.OC.E ratio also shows the negative return after 2008. In 2009 ratio was (6.68) in 2010 it was come up to (8.23). But after merging with Lberia in April 2010 British Airways starts deal with profits which is good sign for company. So it concludes after two years losses still company’s future seems bright. References: https://fame.bvdep.com/version-2011222/cgi/template.dll?checkathens=1kick=1product=1user=student%40beds.ac.ukpw=dsQVymWfUHCPaHwR7YzRVg%3d%3d 20th march 2011 www.Britishairways.com 22nd march 2011 Dyson, John R. – Accounting for non-accounting students 8th edition. FT Prentice Hall. How to cite Financial Ratio Analysis of British Airways, Essay examples

Case Study on Natural Disasters-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about then Case Study of Literature Review on the Topic "How to control Tsunamis, sea underwater Earthquake". Answer: Purpose of the Case Study Tsunamis are a major cause of destruction to human lives. It causes unprecedented damage to life and properties. The coastal areas are the worst affected and large scale Tsunamis completely destroys the low lying coastal areas. The purpose of the following case study is to find out the potential solutions to reduce the impact of Tsunamis. Scope of the Case Study The following case study has a huge scope as it deals with a sensitive issue like Tsunami. The case study will discuss all the potential solutions of reducing the impact of tsunamis. The case study will act as a proper source for the future studies. Best Practices The case study has a significant impact on the target audience. It will help the readers to have a basic idea related to Tsunamis. The case study also throws light on some of the unknown facts about tsunami and underwater quakes. The use of charts and some figures has helped to make the case study a compact one. Problems Tsunamis occur when a powerful earthquake occurs in the ocean. It is caused by the movement of the oceanic plates and generally leads to the formation of huge sea waves that can cause havoc to the coastal areas. It can completely destroy the areas adjacent to the sea and leaves no sign of population. A number of Tsunamis have happened till day and the numbers are increasing. One of the recent such instances being the large Tsunami of Indian Ocean that claimed more than two lakh lives and destroyed the landmass and the vegetation. However the most active Tsunami range which is called the ring of Fire is within the Pacific Ocean and registers the largest number of Tsunamis occurring globally. The waves created by the earthquake have unimaginable speeds of about 500 miles per hour. Advancement in technology has helped to calculate the Tsunamis accurately and efficiently. The researcher has prepared a case study on the precautionary measures that can be affected to stop Tsunamis. However stooping them is practically impossible but technology and better measures can help to decrease the amount of loss to a substantial level. Analysis of Alternatives As mentioned earlier it is practically impossible to stop the occurrence of Tsunami or under water seaquakes. But it is possible to reduce the negative effects and impacts of the organization by adopting some selected strategies (Abdolali et al. 2015). The construction of artificial structures can help the low lying coastal areas to prevent themselves from tsunamis, but they are believed to be not friendly to the environment. The scientists who have been researching on the following have developed different procedures to counter such a destructive force of the globe. The case study will discuss the recommended solutions to the problems faced while tsunamis occur. It will also mention the different solutions to counter such a deadly force. Recommended Solutions Artificial Methods The huge economic cost and loss of Human lives due to Tsunamis have been a major cause of worry for the nations as they are being pushed to economic crisis. Every year the vulnerable countries spend more than 500 million dollars to restructure everything destroyed. The advancement of Science and Technology is gradually playing an advanced role to counter the destructive force of nature. Different countries have joined hands and have created programmes to develop and implement information and communication technologies, Geographical Information systems and remote sensing satellite and data. Figure No 1- Occurrence of Tsunami Source- (Sugawara et al. 2014) The countries that have large coastlines have been improving their coastal protection system for effectively tackling different natural hazards and disasters. Countries such as Australia, USA, Japan, India and many more such countries having large coastlines are improving their national emergency and early warning capabilities (Sugawara et al. 2014). There are a lot of warning systems like sirens, radio broadcasts, installation of tsunami detection machines, constant patrolling, phone messaging and many more as such. Integrated Communication technology is another recent such technology that are being implemented by first world countries to avoid unnecessary destruction of their territories. The use of an integrated communication technology has helped in the constant flow of information from one source to the other and thus it helps the organization to stay updated. The OECD countries are taking the help of weather satellites to determine the occurrence of earthquakes and Tsunamis. Th e use of satellite based observation has made the calculations more accurate and it gives ample time to prevent damage and loss of lives (Abdolali et al. 2015). The countries such as USA, Italy, Japan, India and some selected countries which are quite vulnerable to earthquakes and tsunamis have been upgrading their seismic surveillance networks. The occurrence of two major and many minor Tsunamis in the Indian Ocean region between the year 2004 and 2011 have prompted the authorities to set up a number of local warning centers around different countries lying in that belt (Cecioni et al. 2014). Three new regional Tsunami service provider centers were also set up in India, Australia and Indonesia to add further warning capacity before the occurrence of Tsunami. Figure No 2- Tsunami Warning Centers across the World Source- (Barrow 2014) COUNTRIES MEASURES Australia, Canada, Columbia, India, Turkey, USA Improved Seismic Surveillance Methods Australia, Colombia, India, Indonesia Improved Tsunami Early Warning and Monitoring System Australia, Austria, Netherlands, France Improved Telephone based Information system Table No 1- Measures Taken By Different Countries Source- (As created by the Author) The Global Observing System of The World Meteorological organization updates the users with the situation of the oceanic surfaces every minute. The observations help in the preparation of weather reports and describe the weather advisories and early warnings. The total system is based on the observations of the different local and regional centers, satellite observations, reporting ships and aircrafts that patrol around the sea. The countries that take the use of such technology include India, China, Japan, South Korea and the United States. The advanced scientific technology helps in the accurate prediction of the natural disasters especially Tsunamis (Cecioni et al. 2014). Figure No 3- Rise in the Number of Tsunamis Source- (As Created by the Author) The Tsunami Alarm System is one of the latest but a complex technology that is installed by almost each and every country that have a constant threat from Tsunami (Barrow 2014). The system is interconnected globally with different early warning centers and thus receives a signal immediately once there is an underwater earthquake in the ocean floor. The receiving center in turn is connected with the different telephones and the users receive a warning message immediately and are thus warned against the possible occurrence of the Tsunami. The Center also ensures that the message does not go unnoticed and thus it sends 3 back to back SMS to catch the attention of the users. The Tsunami alarm system works everywhere in the world and enjoys an uninterrupted flow of information (Abdolali et al. 2015). Countries such as USA and other developed countries have pre-installed such warning systems in the mobile handsets of the service users. The advanced technology of the system also allows the tourists to use the system. A recent research on how to stop Tsunamis has been conducted by a group of professors of Cardiff University. Professor Usama Kadri, one of the team members of the research describes that Tsunamis can be checked at an early stage by firing deep ocean sound waves that hit the earths shoreline. The professors term these waves as Acoustic- Gravity- Waves that are naturally occurring sound waves that moves below the oceans and can go deep inside the oceanic surface. The researchers have cited that if there is a technology that can engineer these waves, they can be used to fire below the oceans surface during the occurrence of Tsunamis. He terms it challenging to engineer the waves into the water. The technology can help save lots of lives and property of the countries in the coastal areas (Admire et al. 2014). Figure No 4- AGW Mitigation of Tsunami Source- (Admire et al. 2014) A new technology has been developed by a group of scientists of Georgia Technology School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. The school has developed a new technology named RTerg that is claimed to accurately predict the approach of Tsunamis. This technology once implemented will help in the reduction of the loss of human lives and property. The system has been based on a chain of algorithms to generate the type of tsunami and the eventual destruction it can cause. Once the Tsunami occurs a auto generated message is received from the Tsunami center and accurately provides all the information related to the occurrence and magnitude of the Tsunami. It will also help to calculate the exact time by which the Tsunami will strike the land. Therefore it will be easier for the authorities to evacuate the people and take them to safe places. These innovative technologies are key to the detection of the tsunami and extensive research must be carried out until and unless the desired results are not met. Natural Methods (Case Study of Japan) Nowadays some countries have been stressing on some natural methods to stop the destructive force of Tsunami. The use of advanced technical methods are limited to the early warning systems which is capable of saving lives but it fails to save properties and lands from the grasp of giant sea waves. Once the water reseeds these lands which were once cultivated loses its fertility and is unable to produce vegetation (Wei et al. 2015). The countries have started planting large trees in the coastal areas to stop the effect of Tsunamis. Forest is believed to be effective for a number of reasons namely; Stops driftwood and floating of materials. Reduces the velocity of water. Helps to save lives as people can catch hold of the trees from getting overflowed. It helps to create sand dunes that act as natural barriers to large waves. Mangroves especially help to block tsunamis. Pine Forests in Japan have helped to reduce the impact of Tsunamis for a long time. It has been observed that Pine forests with diameters of 10 cm are able to resist tsunamis up to 4.64 meters (Komjathy et al. 2016). The calculation thus applies to the forests and if such an advanced natural method is maintained as has been the case in Japan large disasters can be avoided. The use of such advanced natural methods by the country is tried and tested and has helped to reduce damages in the country. The capacity of the forest to reduce the effect of tsunami is estimated by the use of fluid dynamics. It measures the hydrodynamic relationship of a liquid that moves along the vegetation, requires various parameters that measure the resistance of forests to Tsunamis. Some of the key factors that are learnt from the calculation are volumetric occupancy, drag coefficient, inertia coefficient and many more as such. Such a calculation helps to plant the trees more effectively such that it reduce s the amount of loss. Both the artificial as well as the natural measures can be the ideal forms for future precautions against Tsunamis. Implementation The countries may face problems while implementing the total systems to prevent tsunamis. It is also not possible to totally eradicate the destruction of Tsunami. As of now it is only possible to develop a highly advanced system and reduce the impacts of tsunami. The early borne control system of Tsunami is highly costly which makes it quite tough for smaller nations to implement such technology. Results The case study has included most of the key elements that was needed to be covered during the preparation. 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